{ "dataset": "Lawsuits and rulings over AI training data", "description": "Lawsuits, rulings, settlements and regulatory actions over data used to train AI, with outcome and source.", "reviewed": "2026-10-17", "license": { "name": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "covers": "our compilation of the tables", "excludes": "quotes keep their sources' terms, and article text is not covered" }, "rows": [ { "id": "2026-10-consumentenbond-v-meta-ai-glasses-privacy-suit-amsterdam", "date": "2026-10-15", "jurisdiction": "Netherlands (Amsterdam District Court)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "Consumentenbond v. Meta: privacy suit over AI camera glasses and AI training on the footage", "parties": [ "Consumentenbond (Dutch consumers' association)", "Meta" ], "defendantIds": [ "meta" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "personal data", "claim": "privacy", "summary": "The Dutch consumers' association Consumentenbond is taking Meta to the Amsterdam District Court over privacy violations with its AI camera glasses; the hearing is set for 26 November 2026. It says the glasses can record people, including children, without their knowledge or consent, that the footage can reveal political views, religion or health status, and that Meta uses footage to train its AI models. It demands that Meta change the glasses and their default settings and stop unlawful processing of data for AI training; if the court agrees, Meta would have two weeks to comply, failing which the Consumentenbond seeks a sales ban in the Netherlands (with an exception for medically necessary cases). Separately, Offlimits (an expertise centre on online sexual abuse) is preparing summary proceedings to have the glasses removed from Dutch stores, citing GDPR (NL Times, 13 October); no filing or hearing date was reported, so it is not recorded as its own case. Allegations only.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": null, "statusAsOf": "2026-10-15", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "reported", "source": "https://nltimes.nl/2026/10/15/dutch-consumers-org-also-sues-meta-ai-glasses-hearing-set-november-26", "sourceLabel": "NL Times", "sourceDate": "2026-10-15", "quote": "The Consumentenbond demands that Meta adjust the glasses and their default settings to ensure compliance with privacy legislation. Additionally, Meta must cease the unlawful processing of data for AI training purposes." }, { "id": "2026-10-coco-robotics-and-serve-robotics-biometric-class-actions-cook-county", "date": "2026-10-09", "jurisdiction": "US state court (Cook County, Illinois)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "Two proposed class actions against Coco Robotics and Serve Robotics: delivery-robot face and hand scans retained for AI training (Illinois BIPA)", "parties": [ "Mitchell Breidinger (DoorDash customer who received a Coco robot delivery), proposed class", "Barry Schain (Uber Eats customer who received Serve robot deliveries), proposed class", "Coco Robotics", "Serve Robotics" ], "defendantIds": [], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "biometric scans (faces and hands) captured by delivery-robot cameras and LiDAR, allegedly retained for AI training and shared with third parties", "claim": "privacy", "summary": "Two proposed class actions filed 9 October 2026 in Cook County accuse Coco Robotics and Serve Robotics of violating Illinois' Biometric Information Privacy Act by scanning customers' faces and hands as they retrieve food orders, then retaining the data for AI training and sharing it with third parties. The Coco complaint alleges Coco shares robot-collected data with OpenAI for AI training; the Serve complaint alleges Serve licenses video and LiDAR data to third parties to train their own models. Coco says it has not collected biometric data in Chicago; Serve says its systems are not designed to identify individuals or create biometric profiles. Allegations only.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": "Statutory damages sought: $1,000 per negligent violation or $5,000 per intentional or reckless violation, plus compliance orders and fees (no total stated)", "perWorkText": null, "outcome": null, "statusAsOf": "2026-10-16", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "reported", "source": "https://chicago.suntimes.com/news/2026/10/16/lawsuits-accuse-chicago-delivery-robot-companies-of-collecting-biometric-data", "sourceLabel": "Chicago Sun-Times", "sourceDate": "2026-10-16", "quote": "The proposed class-action lawsuits, filed Oct. 9 in Cook County, accuse Coco Robotics and Serve Robotics of violating Illinois’ Biometric Information Privacy Act by scanning customers’ faces and hands as they retrieve food orders, then retaining the data for artificial intelligence training and sharing it with third parties." }, { "id": "2026-10-canadian-news-publishers-v-anthropic-lawsuit-filed", "date": "2026-10-06", "jurisdiction": "Canada (Ontario Superior Court of Justice)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "Canadian news publishers v. Anthropic: lawsuit filed in Ontario over scraped journalism used to train and run Claude", "parties": [ "Toronto Star", "The Globe and Mail", "Metroland Media", "Postmedia Network", "PNI Maritimes LP", "The Canadian Press", "Anthropic", "Anthropic's Canadian subsidiary" ], "defendantIds": [ "anthropic" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "news", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "Six Canadian news organizations sued Anthropic and its Canadian subsidiary in Ontario Superior Court on 6 October 2026. They allege that crawlers such as ClaudeBot scraped millions of their articles to train and run Claude without permission, licence or payment, circumventing paywalls and ignoring personal-use terms. The claim lists approximate total works from 2021 onward: 4.2 million (The Canadian Press), 3.5 million (Postmedia and PNI Maritimes), 3.5 million (the Torstar companies, Toronto Star and Metroland) and 2.3 million (The Globe and Mail). Claims: breach of contract, copyright infringement and unjust enrichment. Allegations only; Anthropic had not filed a statement of defence when reported.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": "General damages and disgorgement of profits, or alternatively statutory damages of up to $20,000 per infringed work, plus punitive damages and injunctions (no total stated; currency not stated in the report)", "perWorkText": "up to $20,000 per infringed work (statutory damages sought in the alternative; currency not stated in the report)", "outcome": null, "statusAsOf": "2026-10-14", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "reported", "source": "https://broadcastdialogue.com/canadian-news-publishers-sue-anthropic-over-ai-copyright-infringement/", "sourceLabel": "Broadcast Dialogue (first reported by its sister publication CARTT.ca)", "sourceDate": "2026-10-14", "quote": "A coalition of Canadian media organizations has launched a sweeping legal action in Ontario Superior Court against AI developer Anthropic and its Canadian subsidiary, alleging ongoing unauthorized scraping of their copyrighted journalism." }, { "id": "2026-10-anonymous-parent-v-openai-childrens-data-class-action", "date": "2026-10-13", "jurisdiction": "US (court not stated in the source)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "Anonymous Hawaii parent v. OpenAI: proposed class action over children's data used to train models", "parties": [ "Anonymous mother of two (children aged 12 and 16), on behalf of a proposed class of young ChatGPT users", "OpenAI" ], "defendantIds": [], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "children's ChatGPT conversations, selfies and personal information allegedly used to train large language models without consent", "claim": "not stated", "summary": "Anonymous Hawaii parent v. OpenAI: proposed class action over children's data used to train models", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": null, "statusAsOf": "2026-10-14", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "reported", "source": "https://mashable.com/tech/openai-lawsuit-childrens-data", "sourceLabel": "Mashable", "sourceDate": "2026-10-14", "quote": "It then used that priceless trove of children’s information to train large language models, build detailed profiles of children, and enrich itself." }, { "id": "2026-09-penske-media-and-chegg-v-google-dismissed-without-prejudice", "date": "2026-09-30", "jurisdiction": "US federal (Judge Amit Mehta)", "kind": "ruling", "title": "Penske Media and Chegg v. Google: antitrust suit over AI Overviews dismissed without prejudice", "parties": [ "Penske Media Corporation", "Chegg", "Google" ], "defendantIds": [], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "publisher and education content used in Google's AI Overviews (summaries shown in search; the claims are antitrust, not model training)", "claim": "not stated", "summary": "Penske Media and Chegg v. Google: antitrust suit over AI Overviews dismissed without prejudice", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Judge held the antitrust theories not adequately pleaded: an expectation of search traffic is not an agreement", "statusAsOf": "2026-10-01", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "reported", "source": "https://www.thewrap.com/industry-news/public-policy-legal/penske-media-lawsuit-google-ai-search-dismissed/", "sourceLabel": "TheWrap", "sourceDate": "2026-10-01", "quote": "A lawsuit filed by Penske Media Corporation against Google over the company’s practice of using AI to generate summaries of its news articles in its search engine was dismissed Wednesday by U.S. District Judge Amit Mehta." }, { "id": "2026-09-sony-music-and-universal-music-group-v-suno-v6", "date": "2026-09-18", "jurisdiction": "US federal (D. Mass.)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "Sony Music and Universal Music Group v. Suno: second suit over the v6 models", "parties": [ "Sony Music Entertainment", "Universal Music Group", "Suno" ], "defendantIds": [], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "60,202 named sound recordings; the labels argue v6 launders infringement by training on outputs of earlier models", "claim": "not stated", "summary": "Sony Music and Universal Music Group v. Suno: second suit over the v6 models", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": null, "statusAsOf": "2026-09-18", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "reported", "source": "https://au.variety.com/2026/music/news/sony-music-universal-music-sue-suno-label-backed-model-40495/", "sourceLabel": "Variety", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18", "quote": "The complaint also puts a number to the recordings Sony Music and UMG allege Suno infringed on since its debut: 60,202, a total the labels claimed “remain only a small portion” of the overall works violated." }, { "id": "2026-09-reddit-v-anthropic-demurrer-overruled", "date": "2026-09-17", "jurisdiction": "California state (San Francisco County Superior Court)", "kind": "ruling", "title": "Reddit v. Anthropic: demurrer overruled on three of five claims", "parties": [ "Reddit", "Anthropic" ], "defendantIds": [], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "Reddit user comments scraped to train Claude", "claim": "not stated", "summary": "Reddit v. Anthropic: demurrer overruled on three of five claims", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Judge Harold Kahn overruled Anthropic's demurrer in an order dated 17 September, filed the next day", "statusAsOf": "2026-09-19", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "reported", "source": "https://mashable.com/tech/judge-allows-most-of-reddit-lawsuit-against-anthropic-proceed", "sourceLabel": "Mashable", "sourceDate": "2026-09-19", "quote": "A San Francisco County Superior Court judge has allowed three of the platform's five claims to proceed while trimming back two others." }, { "id": "2026-09-seattle-times-and-newsday-v-openai-and-microsoft", "date": "2026-09-07", "jurisdiction": "US federal (S.D.N.Y., per the linked docket)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "The Seattle Times and Newsday v. OpenAI and Microsoft", "parties": [ "The Seattle Times", "Newsday", "OpenAI", "Microsoft" ], "defendantIds": [], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "journalism, including paywalled articles, allegedly scraped into large-scale training and grounding datasets", "claim": "not stated", "summary": "The Seattle Times and Newsday v. OpenAI and Microsoft", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": null, "statusAsOf": "2026-09-07", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "reported", "source": "https://pressgazette.co.uk/platforms/news-publisher-ai-deals-lawsuits-openai-google/", "sourceLabel": "Press Gazette", "sourceDate": "2026-09-07", "quote": "The Seattle Times and Newsday, a local news publication covering Long Island and New York City, have filed a joint lawsuit against OpenAI and Microsoft." }, { "id": "2026-08-editorial-perfil-v-openai-and-microsoft", "date": "2026-08-26", "jurisdiction": "Argentina", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "Editorial Perfil v. OpenAI and Microsoft (Argentina)", "parties": [ "Editorial Perfil", "OpenAI", "Microsoft" ], "defendantIds": [], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "journalistic content used without permission or payment, including paywalled articles", "claim": "not stated", "summary": "Editorial Perfil v. OpenAI and Microsoft (Argentina)", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": null, "statusAsOf": "2026-08-26", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "reported", "source": "https://pressgazette.co.uk/platforms/news-publisher-ai-deals-lawsuits-openai-google/", "sourceLabel": "Press Gazette", "sourceDate": "2026-08-26", "quote": "News publisher Editorial Perfil has sued OpenAI and Microsoft in its home country of Argentina." }, { "id": "2026-08-wikihow-v-openai", "date": "2026-08-22", "jurisdiction": "US federal (court not stated in the source)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "Wikihow v. OpenAI: lawsuit over scraping for training", "parties": [ "Wikihow", "OpenAI" ], "defendantIds": [], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "Wikihow's library of how-to instructions, allegedly taken directly or through intermediary datasets", "claim": "not stated", "summary": "Wikihow v. OpenAI: lawsuit over scraping for training", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": null, "statusAsOf": "2026-08-22", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "reported", "source": "https://pressgazette.co.uk/platforms/news-publisher-ai-deals-lawsuits-openai-google/", "sourceLabel": "Press Gazette", "sourceDate": "2026-08-22", "quote": "How-to instructions website Wikihow is suing OpenAI for allegedly crawling and scraping its content, “whether directly or through intermediary datasets”, to train its products." }, { "id": "2026-08-round-hill-music-v-suno", "date": "2026-08-17", "jurisdiction": "US federal (N.D. Cal.)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "Round Hill Music v. Suno and Bright Data: lawsuit over AI training on musical works", "parties": [ "Round Hill Music", "Suno", "Bright Data" ], "defendantIds": [], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "musical works allegedly reproduced on Suno's servers and obtained with scraping tools that bypassed access controls", "claim": "not stated", "summary": "Round Hill Music v. Suno and Bright Data: lawsuit over AI training on musical works", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": null, "statusAsOf": "2026-08-17", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "reported", "source": "https://www.musicweek.com/publishing/read/round-hill-music-sues-suno-and-anthropic-in-the-us/094763", "sourceLabel": "Music Week", "sourceDate": "2026-08-17", "quote": "The lawsuits were filed on Monday (August 17) in the US District Court for the Northern District of California." }, { "id": "2026-07-reddit-v-perplexity-motion-to-dismiss-largely-denied", "date": "2026-07-31", "jurisdiction": "US federal", "kind": "ruling", "title": "Reddit v. Perplexity, SerpApi, Oxylabs and AWMProxy: motion to dismiss largely denied", "parties": [ "Reddit", "Perplexity", "SerpApi", "Oxylabs", "AWMProxy" ], "defendantIds": [], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "Reddit content obtained through third-party scrapers that allegedly bypassed access controls", "claim": "not stated", "summary": "Reddit v. Perplexity, SerpApi, Oxylabs and AWMProxy: motion to dismiss largely denied", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Judge largely rejected Perplexity and SerpApi's attempt to dismiss", "statusAsOf": "2026-08-03", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "reported", "source": "https://pressgazette.co.uk/platforms/news-publisher-ai-deals-lawsuits-openai-google/", "sourceLabel": "Press Gazette (citing Reuters)", "sourceDate": "2026-08-03", "quote": "On 31 July, a federal judge largely rejected Perplexity and SerpApi’s attempt to dismiss, saying Reddit has plausibly pleaded that Perplexity conspired with at least one of the three data scrapers to bypass access controls and obtain Reddit’s material." }, { "id": "2026-07-news-corp-v-brave", "date": "2026-07-22", "jurisdiction": "US (court not stated in the source)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "News Corp v. Brave: scraping and resale of news content to AI companies", "parties": [ "News Corp", "Brave (Brave AI)" ], "defendantIds": [], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "copyrighted News Corp content allegedly scraped and sold to AI companies before March 2025", "claim": "not stated", "summary": "News Corp v. Brave: scraping and resale of news content to AI companies", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": null, "statusAsOf": "2026-07-22", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "reported", "source": "https://pressgazette.co.uk/platforms/news-publisher-ai-deals-lawsuits-openai-google/", "sourceLabel": "Press Gazette", "sourceDate": "2026-07-22", "quote": "News Corp is suing Brave AI, alleging the privacy-focused search engine disguises its web crawlers to evade publisher blocks and delivers “verbatim or near verbatim” news summaries to AI companies." }, { "id": "2026-06-richner-communications-et-al-v-microsoft-and-openai", "date": "2026-06-26", "jurisdiction": "US federal (court not stated in the source)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "More than 30 US local newspaper owners v. OpenAI and Microsoft", "parties": [ "Richner Communications", "AIM Media Management subsidiaries", "CherryRoad Media", "Arkansas Democrat-Gazette", "Rust Publishing", "Sentinel Media Co", "Shaw Family Holdings", "Straus Newspapers", "and more than 20 other publishers (almost 400 titles)", "OpenAI", "Microsoft" ], "defendantIds": [], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "hundreds of thousands of local newspaper articles allegedly scraped to build ChatGPT and Copilot", "claim": "not stated", "summary": "More than 30 US local newspaper owners v. OpenAI and Microsoft", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": null, "statusAsOf": "2026-06-26", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "reported", "source": "https://pressgazette.co.uk/platforms/news-publisher-ai-deals-lawsuits-openai-google/", "sourceLabel": "Press Gazette", "sourceDate": "2026-06-26", "quote": "More than 30 local newspaper publishers in the US (many of them independent or family-owned) have banded together to sue OpenAI and Microsoft, accusing them of the “systematic and willful theft of hundreds of thousands of copyrighted articles”." }, { "id": "2026-05-cnn-v-perplexity", "date": "2026-05-28", "jurisdiction": "US federal (S.D.N.Y.)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "CNN v. Perplexity: copyright and trademark lawsuit", "parties": [ "CNN", "Perplexity" ], "defendantIds": [], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "CNN stories, videos and images (more than 17,000 works per Press Gazette) used to power Perplexity's products", "claim": "not stated", "summary": "CNN v. Perplexity: copyright and trademark lawsuit", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": null, "statusAsOf": "2026-05-28", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "reported", "source": "https://aljazeera.com/economy/2026/5/28/cnn-sues-perplexity-alleging-unlawful-distribution-of-copyrighted-content", "sourceLabel": "Al Jazeera", "sourceDate": "2026-05-28", "quote": "The complaint, filed on Thursday, said that Perplexity unlawfully copied thousands of CNN stories, videos and images to power its products and distribute “identical or substantially similar” competing content." }, { "id": "2026-10-usa-today-co-v-openai-lawsuit-seeking-more-than-250-million", "date": "2026-10-08", "jurisdiction": "US federal (S.D.N.Y.)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "USA TODAY Co., Inc. v. OpenAI Foundation: lawsuit seeking more than $250 million", "parties": [ "USA TODAY Co., Inc. and affiliated newspaper entities (19 publications, including USA TODAY, The Tennessean, the Indy Star, The Enquirer)", "OpenAI Foundation" ], "defendantIds": [ "openai" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "news", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "USA TODAY Co., Inc. and its affiliated newspapers (19 publications) sued OpenAI Foundation on 8 Oct 2026 in the Southern District of New York (counsel Rothwell, Figg, Ernst & Manbeck), alleging its GPT models were trained on hundreds of thousands of their articles without authorization; a statement of relatedness asks that it join the consolidated OpenAI copyright litigation in the same court. The complaint says the publications make up more than 160,000 entries in WebText (83,266 from usatoday.com). Damages sought: in excess of $250 million. Not adjudicated.", "amountUsd": 250000000, "amountText": "more than $250 million (sought)", "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Complaint filed; allegations not adjudicated.", "statusAsOf": "2026-10-08", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "reported", "source": "https://www.unite.ai/usa-today-sues-openai-over-copyrighted-news-content-in-ai-training/", "sourceLabel": "Unite.AI (reading the court docket)", "sourceDate": "2026-10-08", "quote": "The suit seeks damages in excess of $250 million. ... The case, USA Today Co., Inc. v. OpenAI Foundation, was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York by attorney Steven Lieberman of Rothwell, Figg, Ernst & Manbeck." }, { "id": "2026-09-thomson-reuters-v-ross-intelligence-third-circuit-affirms", "date": "2026-09-29", "jurisdiction": "US federal (3d Cir.)", "kind": "ruling", "title": "Thomson Reuters v. Ross Intelligence: Third Circuit affirms (no fair use)", "parties": [ "Thomson Reuters Enterprise Centre GmbH", "West Publishing Corp.", "ROSS Intelligence Inc." ], "defendantIds": [ "ross-intelligence" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "legal research", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "On interlocutory appeal (argued 11 June 2026), the Third Circuit held that the Westlaw headnotes are copyrightable and that ROSS's use of them to train a competing, non-generative legal research AI was not fair use, affirming partial summary judgment for Thomson Reuters. A footnote distinguished the generative AI training at issue in Bartz, Kadrey and the OpenAI MDL. LawNext describes it as the first federal appellate decision on fair use in AI training and reports ROSS says it will ask the Supreme Court to review it.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Affirmed for Thomson Reuters; ROSS has said it will seek Supreme Court review.", "statusAsOf": "2026-09-30", "caseNumber": "No. 25-2153", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www2.ca3.uscourts.gov/opinarch/252153p.pdf", "sourceLabel": "U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit", "sourceDate": "2026-09-29", "quote": "We therefore hold that Thomson Reuters’s materials are copyrightable and that ROSS’s use was not fair." }, { "id": "2026-09-ani-v-openai-notice-issued-on-ani-s-appeal", "date": "2026-09-15", "jurisdiction": "India (Delhi High Court, Division Bench)", "kind": "ruling", "title": "ANI v. OpenAI: notice issued on ANI's appeal", "parties": [ "ANI Media Pvt. Ltd.", "OpenAI" ], "defendantIds": [ "openai" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "news", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "A Division Bench of Justices Avneesh Jhingan and Manmeet Pritam Singh Arora issued notice on ANI's appeal against the refusal of interim relief and listed it for hearing on 8 December 2026.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Appeal pending; hearing listed for 8 December 2026.", "statusAsOf": "2026-09-15", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/delhi-high-court/notice-ani-appeal-interim-relief-copyright-case-against-chatgpt-550053", "sourceLabel": "LiveLaw", "sourceDate": "2026-09-15", "quote": "A division bench comprising Justice Avneesh Jhingan and Justice Manmeet Pritam Singh Arora ... listed the matter for hearing on December 08." }, { "id": "2026-09-new-york-times-v-microsoft-and-openai-cross-motions-for-summary-judgment", "date": "2026-09-04", "jurisdiction": "US federal (S.D.N.Y.)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "New York Times v. Microsoft and OpenAI: cross-motions for summary judgment filed", "parties": [ "The New York Times Company and other news plaintiffs", "OpenAI", "Microsoft" ], "defendantIds": [ "openai", "microsoft" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "news", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "A case tracker that says it reviewed the court record on 7 October 2026 reports that the news plaintiffs, OpenAI and Microsoft filed cross-motions for summary judgment in the MDL on 4 September 2026, with replies due 6 November 2026, and that no trial date is set.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Summary judgment motions pending; no trial date.", "statusAsOf": "2026-10-07", "caseNumber": "1:23-cv-11195 (MDL 1:25-md-03143)", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://ailawsuittracker.com/cases/new-york-times-v-openai/", "sourceLabel": "AI Lawsuit Tracker", "sourceDate": "2026-10-08", "quote": "The news plaintiffs, OpenAI and Microsoft filed cross-motions for summary judgment in the OpenAI MDL ... No trial date is set." }, { "id": "2026-09-bartz-v-anthropic-status-report-on-payments-to-class-members", "date": "2026-09-02", "jurisdiction": "US federal (N.D. Cal.)", "kind": "settlement", "title": "Bartz v. Anthropic: status report on payments to class members", "parties": [ "class counsel", "Anthropic PBC" ], "defendantIds": [ "anthropic" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "books", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "Class counsel reported that no class member or objector filed a timely appeal (two appeals by excluded counsel concern only the fee award), that the parties agree the Effective Date has passed, that escrow held $1,074,903,166.44, and that a final $450 million payment plus interest is due by 25 September 2027 at the latest. After fees, service awards and expenses, each work is allotted about $2,203.56 of the funds held so far; distributions are to start no later than 15 November 2026.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": "escrow balance $1,074,903,166.44; remaining Scheduled Payment 2 of $450 million plus interest", "perWorkText": "approximately $2,203.56 per work allotted from funds held so far (before the final $450 million payment)", "outcome": "Effective Date passed; first payments expected on or before 15 November 2026.", "statusAsOf": "2026-09-02", "caseNumber": "4:24-cv-05417-AMO (Dkt. 688)", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://blog.taaonline.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/2026-09-02-BartzAnthropicStatus-Report-dckt-688_0.pdf", "sourceLabel": "U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California (filing hosted by the Textbook and Academic Authors Association)", "sourceDate": "2026-09-02", "quote": "After deduction of fees, services awards, and expenses, each Work is allotted approximately $2,203.56 of funds currently in the Settlement Fund, which does not yet include Anthropic’s final payment of $450 million plus interest." }, { "id": "2026-09-in-re-openai-copyright-infringement-litigation-us-justice-department-sta", "date": "2026-09-01", "jurisdiction": "US federal (S.D.N.Y.)", "kind": "guidance", "title": "In re OpenAI Copyright Infringement Litigation: US Justice Department statement of interest backing fair use", "parties": [ "United States Department of Justice", "The New York Times Company", "OpenAI", "Microsoft" ], "defendantIds": [ "openai", "microsoft" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "news", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "The Justice Department filed a non-binding statement of interest urging the court to hold that training large language models on copyrighted written works is fair use, calling the training exceedingly transformative. The Third Circuit later noted the filing but said its concerns did not apply to the non-generative AI in Thomson Reuters v. ROSS.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Filed; the court has not ruled on fair use.", "statusAsOf": "2026-09-03", "caseNumber": "1:25-md-03143", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://ipwatchdog.com/2026/09/03/doj-sides-with-openai-warns-obstacles-to-ai-development-threaten-national-security/", "sourceLabel": "IPWatchdog", "sourceDate": "2026-09-03", "quote": "to hold that using copyrighted written works to train large language models (LLMs) is fair use" }, { "id": "2026-08-sony-music-publishing-and-warner-chappell-v-anthropic-lyrics-and-piracy-", "date": "2026-08-28", "jurisdiction": "US federal (N.D. Cal.)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "Sony Music Publishing and Warner Chappell v. Anthropic: lyrics and piracy lawsuit", "parties": [ "Sony Music Publishing", "Warner Chappell Music", "Anthropic PBC", "Dario Amodei", "Benjamin Mann" ], "defendantIds": [ "anthropic" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "music", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "Sony Music Publishing and Warner Chappell sued Anthropic and two executives over what the complaint describes as tens of thousands of compositions, alleging torrenting of pirated books containing lyrics, scraping of lyrics sites and reproduction of lyrics in Claude's outputs; they seek statutory damages of up to $150,000 per willfully infringed work, per Music Business Worldwide.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": "statutory damages up to $150,000 per willfully infringed work (sought)", "perWorkText": "up to $150,000 per work (sought)", "outcome": "Complaint filed; allegations not adjudicated.", "statusAsOf": "2026-08-29", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "stated", "source": "https://musicbusinessworldwide.com/now-sony-music-publishing-and-warner-chappell-sue-anthropic-in-multi-billion-dollar-lawsuit-one-of-the-largest-and-most-blatant-ongoing-thefts-of-intellectual-property-in-history", "sourceLabel": "Music Business Worldwide", "sourceDate": "2026-08-29", "quote": "have joined forces to sue Anthropic, home of Claude," }, { "id": "2026-08-round-hill-music-v-anthropic-lyrics-lawsuit", "date": "2026-08-17", "jurisdiction": "US federal (N.D. Cal., per source context)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "Round Hill Music v. Anthropic: lyrics lawsuit", "parties": [ "Round Hill Music", "Anthropic PBC" ], "defendantIds": [ "anthropic" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "music", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "Round Hill Music filed a fourth publisher case against Anthropic on 17 August 2026, according to Music Business Worldwide.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Pending; no ruling found.", "statusAsOf": "2026-08-29", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "stated", "source": "https://musicbusinessworldwide.com/now-sony-music-publishing-and-warner-chappell-sue-anthropic-in-multi-billion-dollar-lawsuit-one-of-the-largest-and-most-blatant-ongoing-thefts-of-intellectual-property-in-history", "sourceLabel": "Music Business Worldwide", "sourceDate": "2026-08-29", "quote": "filed a fourth on August 17" }, { "id": "2026-07-gema-v-suno-munich-court-rules-for-gema-on-ai-music-training", "date": "2026-07-31", "jurisdiction": "Germany (Munich Regional Court I)", "kind": "ruling", "title": "GEMA v. Suno: Munich court rules for GEMA on AI music training", "parties": [ "GEMA", "Suno" ], "defendantIds": [ "suno" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "music", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "The same Munich chamber largely granted GEMA's claims for an injunction, information and damages against Suno over six well-known works. The court found Suno used stream-ripping to copy the works from YouTube, circumventing a technical protection measure, and that the works were reproduced in training in the US, memorised in the model and reproduced in outputs; applying US law to the US training, it held fair use did not apply because outputs were substantially similar to the originals. The judgment is not final.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": "damages awarded in principle; amount not stated", "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Largely for GEMA; not final.", "statusAsOf": "2026-07-31", "caseNumber": "42 O 763/25", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.justiz.bayern.de/gerichte-und-behoerden/landgericht/muenchen-1/presse/2026/16.php", "sourceLabel": "Landgericht Muenchen I (court press release)", "sourceDate": "2026-07-31", "quote": "den Ansprüchen auf Unterlassung, Auskunft und Schadensersatz der GEMA gegen SUNO, dem Anbieter eines auf künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) beruhenden Musikgenerators, überwiegend stattgegeben (Az. 42 O 763/25). ... Das Urteil ist nicht rechtskräftig." }, { "id": "2026-07-ani-v-openai-interim-injunction-refused", "date": "2026-07-24", "jurisdiction": "India (Delhi High Court)", "kind": "ruling", "title": "ANI v. OpenAI: interim injunction refused", "parties": [ "ANI Media Pvt. Ltd.", "OpenAI" ], "defendantIds": [ "openai" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "news", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "Justice Amit Bansal dismissed ANI's application for an interim injunction against OpenAI, finding irreparable harm would fall on OpenAI and the public, and expressing a prima facie view that the storage of ANI's works falls under the Section 52(1)(a) exception of India's Copyright Act. He ruled for ANI on territorial jurisdiction. The detailed order was awaited when LiveLaw reported.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Interim injunction refused; suit continues.", "statusAsOf": "2026-07-24", "caseNumber": "2026 LiveLaw (Del) 687", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.livelaw.in/amp/high-court/delhi-high-court/delhi-high-court-rejects-ani-copyright-suit-open-ai-chatgpt-542736", "sourceLabel": "LiveLaw", "sourceDate": "2026-07-24", "quote": "Irreparable injury would be caused not only to Open AI but also to the public at large if an interim injunction is granted in favour of ANI. ... falls under Section 52(1)(a) Copyright Act" }, { "id": "2026-07-bartz-v-anthropic-final-approval", "date": "2026-07-20", "jurisdiction": "US federal (N.D. Cal.)", "kind": "settlement", "title": "Bartz v. Anthropic: final approval", "parties": [ "Andrea Bartz", "Charles Graeber", "Kirk Wallace Johnson", "class of rightsholders", "Anthropic PBC" ], "defendantIds": [ "anthropic" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "books", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "Judge Araceli Martinez-Olguin granted final approval of the $1.5 billion settlement (approximately $3,000 per work). According to the Authors Guild, the order addressed 54 objections and comments, cut class counsel's fees to about 6.8 percent of the fund (approximately $101.56 million), and Authors Alliance reports service awards for named plaintiffs were cut from $50,000 requested to $15,000.", "amountUsd": 1500000000, "amountText": "$1.5 billion", "perWorkText": "approximately $3,000 per work", "outcome": "Final approval granted 20 July 2026; fee award about $101.56 million.", "statusAsOf": "2026-07-21", "caseNumber": "3:24-cv-05417 (reassigned as 4:24-cv-05417-AMO)", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://authorsguild.org/news/court-grants-final-approval-anthropic-copyright-settlement/", "sourceLabel": "Authors Guild", "sourceDate": "2026-07-21", "quote": "On July 20, 2026, Judge Araceli Martínez-Olguín of the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California ... the landmark $1.5 billion class action settlement in Bartz v. Anthropic ... approximately $3,000 per-work award" }, { "id": "2026-07-hachette-cengage-elsevier-and-scott-turow-v-google-gemini-training-class", "date": "2026-07-10", "jurisdiction": "US federal (S.D.N.Y.)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "Hachette, Cengage, Elsevier and Scott Turow v. Google: Gemini training class action", "parties": [ "Hachette Book Group, Inc.", "Cengage Learning, Inc.", "Elsevier Inc.", "Scott Turow", "S.C.R.I.B.E., Inc.", "Google LLC" ], "defendantIds": [ "google" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "books", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "Publishers and an author filed a proposed class action alleging Google copied books and journal articles supplied for limited use in Google Books and other Google services, and unauthorized web scrapes, to train its Gemini models, and removed or altered copyright management information. The complaint pleads three Copyright Act counts and one DMCA section 1202(b) count.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Complaint filed; allegations not adjudicated.", "statusAsOf": "2026-07-13", "caseNumber": "1:26-cv-05870", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://lunch.publishersmarketplace.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/PublishersGoogle.pdf", "sourceLabel": "U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York (complaint hosted by Publishers Marketplace)", "sourceDate": "2026-07-10", "quote": "Google then copied those stolen works many times over to train its multi-billion-dollar generative AI system called Gemini." }, { "id": "2026-03-reddit-v-anthropic-case-remanded-to-state-court", "date": "2026-03-30", "jurisdiction": "US federal (N.D. Cal.)", "kind": "ruling", "title": "Reddit v. Anthropic: case remanded to state court", "parties": [ "Reddit, Inc.", "Anthropic PBC" ], "defendantIds": [ "anthropic" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "user posts", "claim": "contract", "summary": "Judge Trina Thompson granted Reddit's motion to remand, holding its contract, trespass, privacy-covenant and misrepresentation claims are not preempted by the Copyright Act because they rest on extra elements such as rights under Reddit's User Agreement, which the court found binds Anthropic.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Remanded to San Francisco Superior Court.", "statusAsOf": "2026-03-30", "caseNumber": "3:25-cv-05643-TLT (Dkt. 60)", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cand.452341/gov.uscourts.cand.452341.60.0.pdf", "sourceLabel": "U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California (via CourtListener)", "sourceDate": "2026-03-30", "quote": "After reviewing the parties’ briefs, oral arguments, and relevant legal authority, the Court GRANTS Reddit’s Motion to Remand for the reasons set below." }, { "id": "2026-03-kadrey-v-meta-leave-to-add-contributory-infringement-claim-over-torrenti", "date": "2026-03-25", "jurisdiction": "US federal (N.D. Cal.)", "kind": "ruling", "title": "Kadrey v. Meta: leave to add contributory infringement claim over torrenting", "parties": [ "Richard Kadrey", "other authors", "Meta Platforms, Inc." ], "defendantIds": [ "meta" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "books", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "The court granted the authors leave to file a Fourth Amended Complaint adding a contributory infringement claim, based on the allegation that Meta uploaded copyrighted works to the BitTorrent network while downloading them from shadow libraries, and denied the motion for class discovery.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Leave to amend granted; class discovery denied.", "statusAsOf": "2026-03-25", "caseNumber": "3:23-cv-03417-VC (Dkt. 700)", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://chatgptiseatingtheworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Judge-Chhabria-Decision-to-Allow-Kadrey-Leave-to-Amend-to-Add-Contributory-Infringement-Claim.pdf", "sourceLabel": "U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California (order hosted by ChatGPT Is Eating the World)", "sourceDate": "2026-03-25", "quote": "Primarily, they wish to add a claim for contributory infringement, based on the allegation that when Meta was downloading copyrighted works from shadow libraries using BitTorrent, it simultaneously uploaded those works onto the torrenting network" }, { "id": "2026-03-tribunale-di-roma-annuls-the-garante-s-eur-15-million-chatgpt-fine", "date": "2026-03-18", "jurisdiction": "Italy (Tribunale di Roma)", "kind": "ruling", "title": "Tribunale di Roma annuls the Garante's EUR 15 million ChatGPT fine", "parties": [ "OpenAI", "Garante per la protezione dei dati personali" ], "defendantIds": [ "openai" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "personal data", "claim": "privacy", "summary": "The Rome tribunal upheld OpenAI's challenge and annulled the Garante's decision on jurisdiction under the GDPR one-stop-shop (the Irish DPC had recognised OpenAI Ireland as OpenAI's EEA establishment on 15 February 2024), without deciding whether ChatGPT's training lacked a legal basis. The Garante temporarily removed the decision from its website.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": "EUR 15 million fine annulled", "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Fine annulled; substantive questions fall in principle to the Irish DPC.", "statusAsOf": "2026-05-28", "caseNumber": "Sentenza n. 4153/2026 (R.G. 4785/2025)", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.garanteprivacy.it/home/docweb/-/docweb-display/docweb/10085432", "sourceLabel": "Garante per la protezione dei dati personali", "sourceDate": "2026-03-18", "quote": "a seguito della sentenza del Tribunale di Roma n. 4153/2026, pubbl. il 18/03/2026, ... con la quale è stata accolta l’opposizione proposta avverso il provvedimento del Garante" }, { "id": "2026-03-encyclopaedia-britannica-and-merriam-webster-v-openai-complaint-filed", "date": "2026-03-13", "jurisdiction": "US federal (S.D.N.Y.)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica and Merriam-Webster v. OpenAI: complaint filed", "parties": [ "Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.", "Merriam-Webster, Inc.", "OpenAI, Inc. and affiliates" ], "defendantIds": [ "openai" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "reference works", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "Britannica and Merriam-Webster allege OpenAI copied their content, including nearly 100,000 online articles, as training inputs and for ChatGPT's retrieval process, that outputs sometimes reproduce it verbatim, and that attributing invented answers to them violates the Lanham Act.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Complaint filed; allegations not adjudicated.", "statusAsOf": "2026-03-17", "caseNumber": "1:26-cv-02097", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.medianama.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/BRITTANICA-OPENAI-LAWSUIT-complaint.pdf", "sourceLabel": "U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York (complaint hosted by MediaNama)", "sourceDate": "2026-03-13", "quote": "Britannica owns the copyright in at least 13 “collective works,” as defined by 17 U.S.C. § 101, encompassing nearly 100,000 online articles" }, { "id": "2026-03-bmg-v-anthropic-lyrics-lawsuit-over-493-compositions", "date": "2026-03", "jurisdiction": "US federal (N.D. Cal., per source context)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "BMG v. Anthropic: lyrics lawsuit over 493 compositions", "parties": [ "BMG", "Anthropic PBC" ], "defendantIds": [ "anthropic" ], "partyIds": [ "bmg" ], "contentType": "music", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "BMG brought a third publisher case against Anthropic in March 2026 covering 493 compositions, according to Music Business Worldwide.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Pending; no ruling found.", "statusAsOf": "2026-08-29", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "stated", "source": "https://musicbusinessworldwide.com/now-sony-music-publishing-and-warner-chappell-sue-anthropic-in-multi-billion-dollar-lawsuit-one-of-the-largest-and-most-blatant-ongoing-thefts-of-intellectual-property-in-history", "sourceLabel": "Music Business Worldwide", "sourceDate": "2026-08-29", "quote": "BMG brought a third case against Anthropic in March 2026 over 493 compositions" }, { "id": "2026-01-umpg-concord-and-abkco-v-anthropic-3-billion-piracy-suit", "date": "2026-01-28", "jurisdiction": "US federal (N.D. Cal.)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "UMPG, Concord and ABKCO v. Anthropic ('Lyrics II'): $3 billion piracy suit", "parties": [ "Universal Music Publishing Group", "Concord Music Group", "ABKCO Music", "Anthropic PBC", "Dario Amodei", "Benjamin Mann" ], "defendantIds": [ "anthropic" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "music", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "The publishers allege Anthropic illegally downloaded more than 20,000 copyrighted songs (20,517 works tied to ongoing AI training) via torrenting from pirate libraries, building on facts disclosed in Bartz v. Anthropic, and say potential statutory damages exceed $3 billion. Anthropic moved for partial dismissal on 3 August 2026, with a hearing set for 4 November 2026 (per Music Business Worldwide).", "amountUsd": 3000000000, "amountText": "more than $3 billion (potential statutory damages claimed)", "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Motions to dismiss pending.", "statusAsOf": "2026-08-06", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "stated", "source": "https://musicbusinessworldwide.com/umg-concord-and-abkco-sue-anthropic-for-3bn-in-what-could-be-single-largest-non-class-action-copyright-case-in-us-history", "sourceLabel": "Music Business Worldwide", "sourceDate": "2026-01-28", "quote": "The complaint, filed today (January 28) in the Northern District of California ... 20,517 works related to ongoing AI training ... potential statutory damages of more than $3 billion" }, { "id": "2026-01-in-re-openai-copyright-infringement-litigation-order-to-produce-20-milli", "date": "2026-01-05", "jurisdiction": "US federal (S.D.N.Y.)", "kind": "ruling", "title": "In re OpenAI Copyright Infringement Litigation: order to produce 20 million output logs", "parties": [ "news plaintiffs", "OpenAI" ], "defendantIds": [ "openai" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "news", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "The MDL court ordered OpenAI to produce all 20 million ChatGPT output logs from the sample at issue in discovery, rejecting OpenAI's argument for a narrower production. A case tracker reports the logs are a de-identified sample first ordered by Magistrate Judge Ona Wang in November 2025.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Production of 20 million output logs ordered.", "statusAsOf": "2026-03", "caseNumber": "1:25-md-03143", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en/knowledge/publications/ce8eaa5f/ai-in-litigation-series-an-update-on-ai-copyright-cases-in-2026", "sourceLabel": "Norton Rose Fulbright", "sourceDate": "2026-03", "quote": "Most recently, on January 5, 2026, the court ordered OpenAI to produce all 20 million output logs" }, { "id": "2025-12-ziff-davis-v-openai-robots-txt-is-not-a-dmca-access-control", "date": "2025-12-15", "jurisdiction": "US federal (S.D.N.Y.)", "kind": "ruling", "title": "Ziff Davis v. OpenAI: robots.txt is not a DMCA access control", "parties": [ "Ziff Davis, Inc.", "OpenAI" ], "defendantIds": [ "openai" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "news", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "Judge Sidney Stein dismissed Ziff Davis' DMCA anti-circumvention claim, holding that robots.txt directives are requests that do not effectively control access to copyrighted works, so disregarding them is not circumvention. Other claims were addressed separately in the same ruling.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "DMCA section 1201 claim dismissed.", "statusAsOf": "2025-12-22", "caseNumber": "25-cv-4315 (In re OpenAI, 2025 WL 3635559)", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://barrysookman.com/2025/12/22/ziff-davis-v-openai-key-copyright-litigation-ruling/", "sourceLabel": "Barry Sookman (McCarthy Tetrault counsel, blog)", "sourceDate": "2025-12-22", "quote": "robots.txt directives are merely requests and do not effectively control access to copyrighted works." }, { "id": "2025-12-kneschke-v-laion-appeal-over-ai-training-dataset-rejected", "date": "2025-12-10", "jurisdiction": "Germany (Higher Regional Court of Hamburg)", "kind": "ruling", "title": "Kneschke v. LAION: appeal over AI training dataset rejected", "parties": [ "Robert Kneschke", "LAION e.V." ], "defendantIds": [ "laion" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "images", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "The Hamburg Higher Regional Court rejected photographer Robert Kneschke's appeal against the Hamburg Regional Court's 27 September 2024 ruling, which had found LAION's reproduction of his image to build an AI training dataset covered by Germany's text and data mining rules (the first German ruling on the TDM opt-out in AI training).", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Appeal rejected; first-instance win for LAION stands.", "statusAsOf": "2025-12-23", "caseNumber": "5 U 104/24 (first instance 310 O 227/23)", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.dlapiper.com/en/insights/blogs/mse-today/2025/robert-kneschke-v-laion", "sourceLabel": "DLA Piper", "sourceDate": "2025-12-23", "quote": "Judgment of 10 December 2025 (Ref.: 5 U 104/24) ... rejected the appeal filed by photographer Robert Kneschke" }, { "id": "2025-12-new-york-times-v-perplexity-lawsuit-filed", "date": "2025-12-05", "jurisdiction": "US federal (S.D.N.Y.)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "New York Times v. Perplexity: lawsuit filed", "parties": [ "The New York Times Company", "Perplexity AI, Inc." ], "defendantIds": [ "perplexity" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "news", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "The Times alleges Perplexity copied and used its journalism without authorization, claiming copyright infringement, trademark dilution and trademark infringement. Perplexity filed a partial motion to dismiss on 27 February 2026 and, after an amended complaint (20 March 2026), a renewed partial motion on 17 April 2026.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Renewed partial motion to dismiss pending.", "statusAsOf": "2026-08-05", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/71691/000007169126000034/nyt-20260630.htm", "sourceLabel": "The New York Times Company (SEC Form 10-Q)", "sourceDate": "2026-08-05", "quote": "On December 5, 2025, we filed a lawsuit against Perplexity AI, Inc. (“Perplexity”) in the SDNY, alleging copyright infringement, trademark dilution and trademark infringement, related to Perplexity’s unlawful and unauthorized copying and use of our journalism and other content." }, { "id": "2025-12-getty-images-v-stability-ai-permission-to-appeal-granted-on-secondary-in", "date": "2025-12", "jurisdiction": "UK (High Court; Court of Appeal)", "kind": "ruling", "title": "Getty Images v. Stability AI (UK): permission to appeal granted on secondary infringement", "parties": [ "Getty Images entities", "Stability AI Limited" ], "defendantIds": [ "stability-ai" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "images", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "At a December 2025 consequentials hearing the High Court granted Getty an injunction, awarded Stability interim costs on issues Getty lost or dropped, granted Getty permission to appeal the secondary infringement ruling and refused Stability permission to appeal on trade marks; the Court of Appeal also refused Stability. Getty says the appeal is expected to be heard in November 2026.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Getty's appeal on secondary infringement expected to be heard November 2026.", "statusAsOf": "2026-08-10", "caseNumber": "[2025] EWHC 3343 (Ch) (permission decision, per IPKat)", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1898496/000162828026055246/gety-20260630.htm", "sourceLabel": "Getty Images Holdings, Inc. (SEC Form 10-Q)", "sourceDate": "2026-08-10", "quote": "granted Getty Images’ request to appeal the decision on secondary infringement and denied Stability AI’s request to appeal the trademark decision ... The appeal of the decision on secondary infringement is expected to be held in November 2026." }, { "id": "2025-11-wmg-v-suno-settlement-and-licensing-partnership", "date": "2025-11-25", "jurisdiction": "US federal (D. Mass.)", "kind": "settlement", "title": "WMG v. Suno: settlement and licensing partnership", "parties": [ "Warner Music Group", "Suno" ], "defendantIds": [ "suno" ], "partyIds": [ "warner-music-group" ], "contentType": "music", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "Warner Music Group settled its copyright case against Suno; Suno is to introduce new licensed models in 2026 that replace its current versions, with paid-tier download caps, and it bought the concert platform Songkick from WMG (per Music Week). No amount was disclosed.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": "not disclosed", "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Settled as to WMG.", "statusAsOf": "2025-11-25", "caseNumber": "1:24-cv-11611", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://uk.marketscreener.com/news/warner-music-group-settles-copyright-case-with-suno-for-licensed-ai-music-ce7d5ed2db8bff22", "sourceLabel": "Reuters (via MarketScreener)", "sourceDate": "2025-11-25", "quote": "Warner Music Group settled its copyright infringement case with artificial intelligence-powered song creation platform Suno ... Suno will introduce new licensed AI models that will replace its current versions in 2026." }, { "id": "2025-11-wmg-v-udio-settlement", "date": "2025-11-19", "jurisdiction": "US federal (S.D.N.Y.)", "kind": "settlement", "title": "WMG v. Udio: settlement", "parties": [ "Warner Music Group", "Udio" ], "defendantIds": [ "udio" ], "partyIds": [ "warner-music-group" ], "contentType": "music", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "Warner Music Group settled its copyright lawsuit with Udio and agreed to co-develop a fully licensed AI music platform for 2026 with an opt-in model for artists. No amount was disclosed.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": "not disclosed", "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Settled.", "statusAsOf": "2025-11-20", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "stated", "source": "https://winbuzzer.com/2025/11/20/warner-music-group-and-udio-settle-copyright-lawsuit-as-suno-raises-250m-to-fight-on-xcxwbn/", "sourceLabel": "WinBuzzer", "sourceDate": "2025-11-20", "quote": "Warner Music Group (WMG) settled its copyright lawsuit with Udio on Wednesday to co-develop a licensed platform" }, { "id": "2025-11-disney-and-universal-v-midjourney-cases-combined-and-referred-to-mediati", "date": "2025-11-14", "jurisdiction": "US federal (C.D. Cal.)", "kind": "ruling", "title": "Disney and Universal v. Midjourney: cases combined and referred to mediation", "parties": [ "Disney", "Universal", "Warner Bros. Discovery", "Midjourney" ], "defendantIds": [ "midjourney" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "images", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "The court combined the Disney/Universal case with Warner Bros. Discovery's September 2025 suit in early November 2025 and referred the case to private mediation; the report gives a mediation completion deadline of 19 August 2026 and a status conference on 31 August 2026. No outcome of mediation was found.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Pending; mediation ordered.", "statusAsOf": "2025-11-14", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "stated", "source": "https://graphicpolicy.com/2025/11/14/court-suggests-disney-v-midjourney-go-to-mediation/", "sourceLabel": "Graphic Policy", "sourceDate": "2025-11-14", "quote": "This case is referred to private mediation. ... Those two separate lawsuits were combined in the beginning of November." }, { "id": "2025-11-advance-local-media-et-al-v-cohere-partial-motion-to-dismiss-denied", "date": "2025-11-13", "jurisdiction": "US federal (S.D.N.Y.)", "kind": "ruling", "title": "Advance Local Media et al. v. Cohere: partial motion to dismiss denied", "parties": [ "Advance Local Media LLC and 13 other publishers", "Cohere Inc." ], "defendantIds": [ "cohere" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "news", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "Judge Colleen McMahon denied Cohere's partial motion to dismiss the publishers' copyright and trademark claims, noting the case is one of more than fifty lawsuits challenging AI companies' use of copyrighted works to train LLMs.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Motion denied; case proceeds.", "statusAsOf": "2025-11-13", "caseNumber": "1:25-cv-01305-CM (Dkt. 59)", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://chatgptiseatingtheworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Judge-McMahon-Order-denying-Cohere-MTD.pdf", "sourceLabel": "U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York (order hosted by ChatGPT Is Eating the World)", "sourceDate": "2025-11-13", "quote": "The instant dispute is one of more than fifty lawsuits currently before the courts challenging the use of copyrighted works by artificial intelligence companies to train their large language models. ... For the reasons set forth below, Cohere's motion to dismiss is DENIED." }, { "id": "2025-11-gema-v-openai-munich-court-rules-for-gema-on-song-lyrics", "date": "2025-11-11", "jurisdiction": "Germany (Munich Regional Court I)", "kind": "ruling", "title": "GEMA v. OpenAI: Munich court rules for GEMA on song lyrics", "parties": [ "GEMA", "two OpenAI group companies" ], "defendantIds": [ "openai" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "music", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "The Munich Regional Court I largely granted GEMA's claims for an injunction, information and damages over the lyrics of nine well-known German songwriters. It held that memorisation of the lyrics in the language models and their reproduction in ChatGPT outputs infringe exploitation rights and are not covered by the text and data mining exception; a personality-rights claim was dismissed. The judgment is not final and OpenAI announced an appeal (per ZDF).", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": "damages awarded in principle; amount not stated", "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Largely for GEMA; not final; OpenAI said it would appeal.", "statusAsOf": "2025-11-11", "caseNumber": "42 O 14139/24", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.justiz.bayern.de/gerichte-und-behoerden/landgericht/muenchen-1/presse/2025/11.php", "sourceLabel": "Landgericht Muenchen I (court press release)", "sourceDate": "2025-11-11", "quote": "hat mit Urteil vom heutigen Tag den von der GEMA gegen zwei Unternehmen der Unternehmensgruppe Open AI geltend gemachten Ansprüchen auf Unterlassungs-, Auskunfts- und Schadensersatz im Wesentlichen stattgegeben (Az. 42 O 14139/24)." }, { "id": "2025-11-canadian-news-publishers-v-openai-ontario-court-asserts-jurisdiction", "date": "2025-11-07", "jurisdiction": "Canada (Ontario Superior Court of Justice)", "kind": "ruling", "title": "Canadian news publishers v. OpenAI: Ontario court asserts jurisdiction", "parties": [ "Toronto Star Newspapers and other Canadian publishers", "OpenAI entities" ], "defendantIds": [ "openai" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "news", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "The Ontario Superior Court rejected OpenAI's challenge to jurisdiction for six OpenAI defendants, letting the publishers' case proceed in Ontario, but granted the motion for four OpenAI entities. The ruling does not decide the merits.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Jurisdiction confirmed over six defendants; motion granted for four entities.", "statusAsOf": "2025-11-27", "caseNumber": "2025 ONSC 6217", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.belmorelaw.com/insight/ontario-court-confirms-authority-over-challenges-to-ai-content-use", "sourceLabel": "Belmore Neidrauer LLP", "sourceDate": "2025-11-07", "quote": "On November 7, 2025, the Ontario Superior Court released its decision ... that it had both subject-matter and personal jurisdiction over six of the OpenAI defendants" }, { "id": "2025-11-irish-dpc-statement-on-linkedin-training-ai-on-eu-members-data", "date": "2025-11-07", "jurisdiction": "EU (Ireland, lead supervisory authority)", "kind": "regulatory action", "title": "Irish DPC: statement on LinkedIn training AI on EU members' data", "parties": [ "Data Protection Commission (Ireland)", "LinkedIn" ], "defendantIds": [ "linkedin" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "user posts", "claim": "privacy", "summary": "LinkedIn told the DPC in March 2025 it would train its own generative AI models on EU/EEA members' personal data from early November 2025. After DPC review, LinkedIn narrowed the data and time period used, improved opt-out notices, added protections for under-18s and filters for sensitive content, and must report on its safeguards within five months.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Training allowed to proceed under monitoring.", "statusAsOf": "2025-11-07", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.dataprotection.ie/en/news-media/latest-news/dpc-statement-linkedin-ai-training", "sourceLabel": "Data Protection Commission (Ireland)", "sourceDate": "2025-11-07", "quote": "In March 2025, LinkedIn informed the DPC of its intention to train its own proprietary generative AI models using the personal data of LinkedIn members based in the EU/EEA, beginning in early November 2025." }, { "id": "2025-11-getty-images-v-stability-ai-high-court-judgment", "date": "2025-11-04", "jurisdiction": "UK (High Court of England and Wales)", "kind": "ruling", "title": "Getty Images v. Stability AI (UK): High Court judgment", "parties": [ "Getty Images (US) Inc", "Getty Images International U.C.", "Getty Images (UK) Limited", "Getty Images Devco UK Limited", "iStockphoto LP", "Thomas M. Barwick, Inc", "Stability AI Limited" ], "defendantIds": [ "stability-ai" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "images", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "Mrs Justice Joanna Smith dismissed Getty's secondary copyright infringement claim, holding that although an 'article' can be intangible, the Stable Diffusion model is not an 'infringing copy'. Getty had dropped its primary infringement claims before trial. Getty succeeded on limited, historic trade mark claims over iStock watermarks generated by early model versions.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Secondary infringement claim dismissed; narrow trade mark win for Getty; appeal pending.", "statusAsOf": "2025-11-04", "caseNumber": "[2025] EWHC 2863 (Ch); IL-2023-000007", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ewhc/ch/2025/2863", "sourceLabel": "The National Archives (Find Case Law)", "sourceDate": "2025-11-04", "quote": "Getty Images’ claim of secondary infringement of copyright is dismissed. ... is not an “infringing copy” such that there is no infringement under sections 22 and 23 CDPA." }, { "id": "2025-10-umg-v-udio-settlement-and-licensed-platform-deal", "date": "2025-10-29", "jurisdiction": "US federal (S.D.N.Y.)", "kind": "settlement", "title": "UMG v. Udio: settlement and licensed platform deal", "parties": [ "Universal Music Group", "Udio" ], "defendantIds": [ "udio" ], "partyIds": [ "universal-music-group" ], "contentType": "music", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "Universal Music Group settled its copyright infringement litigation against Udio in what was described as a compensatory legal settlement, and the two agreed to build a licensed music creation and streaming platform set to launch in 2026. No amount was disclosed.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": "not disclosed", "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Settled.", "statusAsOf": "2025-10-30", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/universal-music-settles-udio-lawsuit-strikes-deal-for-licensed-ai-music-platform", "sourceLabel": "Music Business Worldwide", "sourceDate": "2025-10-30", "quote": "late Wednesday (October 29) evening ... The new platform is set to launch in 2026." }, { "id": "2025-10-in-re-openai-copyright-infringement-litigation-output-based-claims-survi", "date": "2025-10-27", "jurisdiction": "US federal (S.D.N.Y.)", "kind": "ruling", "title": "In re OpenAI Copyright Infringement Litigation: output-based claims survive dismissal", "parties": [ "MDL plaintiffs", "OpenAI" ], "defendantIds": [ "openai" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "books", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "In an opinion dated 27 October 2025, the MDL court denied OpenAI's motion to dismiss output-based claims, holding it was sufficient that plaintiffs alleged some outputs a reasonable jury could find substantially similar to their works.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Motion to dismiss output claims denied.", "statusAsOf": "2026-03", "caseNumber": "1:25-md-03143", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en/knowledge/publications/ce8eaa5f/ai-in-litigation-series-an-update-on-ai-copyright-cases-in-2026", "sourceLabel": "Norton Rose Fulbright", "sourceDate": "2026-03", "quote": "In an opinion dated October 27, 2025, the court held that ... [i]t is sufficient to defeat OpenAI's motion to dismiss that plaintiffs have alleged some outputs ... that a reasonable jury could find are substantially similar to plaintiffs' works." }, { "id": "2025-10-reddit-v-perplexity-serpapi-oxylabs-and-awmproxy-scraping-lawsuit", "date": "2025-10-22", "jurisdiction": "US federal (S.D.N.Y.)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "Reddit v. Perplexity, SerpApi, Oxylabs and AWMProxy: scraping lawsuit", "parties": [ "Reddit, Inc.", "Perplexity AI", "SerpApi", "Oxylabs", "AWMProxy" ], "defendantIds": [ "perplexity", "serpapi", "oxylabs", "awmproxy" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "user posts", "claim": "other", "summary": "Reddit alleges Perplexity and three data-scraping companies circumvented its data protection measures and scraped Reddit data from billions of search results without permission. Perplexity has said it does not train models on the content; the scraping firms denied wrongdoing, per press reports.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Complaint filed; no ruling found.", "statusAsOf": "2025-10-22", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.businessinsurance.com/reddit-sues-perplexity-for-scraping-data-to-train-ai-system/", "sourceLabel": "Business Insurance (Reuters)", "sourceDate": "2025-10-22", "quote": "Social media platform Reddit sued artificial intelligence startup Perplexity in New York federal court on Wednesday ... Lithuania-based Oxylabs, Russia-based AWMProxy and Texas-based SerpApi" }, { "id": "2025-10-ico-v-clearview-ai-upper-tribunal-finds-uk-gdpr-applies", "date": "2025-10-09", "jurisdiction": "UK (Upper Tribunal)", "kind": "ruling", "title": "ICO v. Clearview AI: Upper Tribunal finds UK GDPR applies", "parties": [ "Information Commissioner's Office", "Clearview AI Inc" ], "defendantIds": [ "clearview-ai" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "personal data", "claim": "privacy", "summary": "The Upper Tribunal overturned an earlier tribunal decision and held that Clearview's processing of UK residents' scraped images fell within the territorial scope of the UK GDPR, sending the case back to the First-tier Tribunal on whether the ICO can impose its 7.5 million pound fine. Clearview said it intends to appeal.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": "£7.5 million fine (under challenge)", "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Remitted to the First-tier Tribunal; Clearview plans to appeal.", "statusAsOf": "2025-10-09", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.theregister.com/software/2025/10/09/clearview-sees-red-as-uk-tribunal-sides-with-data-regulator/1369251", "sourceLabel": "The Register", "sourceDate": "2025-10-09", "quote": "Clearview's data processing fell within the territorial scope of the UK GDPR ... the £7.5 million fine (c $10 million)" }, { "id": "2025-09-bartz-v-anthropic-preliminary-approval-of-the-settlement", "date": "2025-09-25", "jurisdiction": "US federal (N.D. Cal.)", "kind": "settlement", "title": "Bartz v. Anthropic: preliminary approval of the settlement", "parties": [ "Andrea Bartz", "Charles Graeber", "Kirk Wallace Johnson", "class of rightsholders", "Anthropic PBC" ], "defendantIds": [ "anthropic" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "books", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "Judge William Alsup preliminarily approved the $1.5 billion settlement, which pays rights holders roughly $3,000 per title for nearly 500,000 books. Princeton University Press, a class member, reports Anthropic funds it in four installments (2 Oct 2025, 30 Apr 2026, 25 Sep 2026 and 25 Sep 2027) and that the claims deadline was 23 March 2026.", "amountUsd": 1500000000, "amountText": "$1.5 billion", "perWorkText": "roughly $3,000 per title", "outcome": "Preliminary approval granted.", "statusAsOf": "2025-09-25", "caseNumber": "3:24-cv-05417-WHA", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://press.princeton.edu/node/66285", "sourceLabel": "Princeton University Press", "sourceDate": "2026-10-01", "quote": "Judge William Alsup has given preliminary approval to the historic $1.5 billion Bartz v. Anthropic settlement ... Anthropic will pay rights holders roughly $3,000 per title ... nearly 500,000 books used without authorization" }, { "id": "2025-09-encyclopaedia-britannica-and-merriam-webster-v-perplexity-complaint-file", "date": "2025-09-10", "jurisdiction": "US federal (S.D.N.Y.)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica and Merriam-Webster v. Perplexity: complaint filed", "parties": [ "Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.", "Merriam-Webster, Inc.", "Perplexity AI, Inc." ], "defendantIds": [ "perplexity" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "reference works", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "Britannica and Merriam-Webster allege Perplexity infringes their copyrights when its PerplexityBot crawls and scrapes their sites, when it copies their articles as inputs, and in its outputs, and that it violates their trademarks. They filed it as related to the Dow Jones case.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Complaint filed; allegations not adjudicated.", "statusAsOf": "2025-09-10", "caseNumber": "1:25-cv-07546", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.649196/gov.uscourts.nysd.649196.1.0.pdf", "sourceLabel": "U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York (via CourtListener)", "sourceDate": "2025-09-10", "quote": "First, Perplexity infringes Plaintiffs’ copyrights at the curation stage when it uses a software program called “PerplexityBot” to crawl and scrape Plaintiffs’ websites for Perplexity’s “answer engine.”" }, { "id": "2025-09-bartz-v-anthropic-1-5-billion-class-settlement-announced", "date": "2025-09-05", "jurisdiction": "US federal (N.D. Cal.)", "kind": "settlement", "title": "Bartz v. Anthropic: $1.5 billion class settlement announced", "parties": [ "Andrea Bartz", "Charles Graeber", "Kirk Wallace Johnson", "class of rightsholders", "Anthropic PBC" ], "defendantIds": [ "anthropic" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "books", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "Class counsel announced that Anthropic agreed to pay $1.5 billion plus interest into a settlement fund for books it downloaded from pirate libraries, about $3,000 per work for an anticipated 500,000 works. Anthropic also agreed to destroy the original downloaded files and copies derived from them; the release covers only past acts and no claims arising after 25 August 2025.", "amountUsd": 1500000000, "amountText": "$1.5 billion plus interest", "perWorkText": "approximately $3,000 per work", "outcome": "Proposed settlement submitted for court approval.", "statusAsOf": "2025-09-06", "caseNumber": "3:24-cv-05417-WHA", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.lieffcabraser.com/?p=19647", "sourceLabel": "Lieff Cabraser Heimann & Bernstein (co-lead class counsel)", "sourceDate": "2025-09-06", "quote": "Anthropic will pay $1.5 billion plus interest into a settlement fund ... equating to approximately $3,000 for each work covered by the settlement ... We anticipate approximately 500,000 works in the class." }, { "id": "2025-08-nikkei-and-asahi-shimbun-v-perplexity-lawsuit-filed", "date": "2025-08-26", "jurisdiction": "Japan (Tokyo District Court)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "Nikkei and Asahi Shimbun v. Perplexity: lawsuit filed", "parties": [ "Nikkei Inc.", "The Asahi Shimbun Company", "Perplexity AI" ], "defendantIds": [ "perplexity" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "news", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "Nikkei and the Asahi Shimbun jointly sued Perplexity in the Tokyo District Court for copyright infringement over use of their content in its AI tools, seeking 2.2 billion yen each in damages plus an injunction.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": "¥2.2 billion ($15 million) each (sought)", "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Pending; no ruling found.", "statusAsOf": "2025-08-27", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "stated", "source": "https://news.bloomberglaw.com/tech-and-telecom-law/top-japan-news-outlets-sue-perplexity-for-copyright-violations", "sourceLabel": "Bloomberg Law", "sourceDate": "2025-08-27", "quote": "¥2.2 billion ($15 million) each in damages from Perplexity" }, { "id": "2025-08-dow-jones-v-perplexity-motion-to-dismiss-or-transfer-denied", "date": "2025-08-21", "jurisdiction": "US federal (S.D.N.Y.)", "kind": "ruling", "title": "Dow Jones v. Perplexity: motion to dismiss or transfer denied", "parties": [ "Dow Jones & Company, Inc.", "NYP Holdings, Inc.", "Perplexity AI, Inc." ], "defendantIds": [ "perplexity" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "news", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "Judge Katherine Polk Failla denied in full Perplexity's motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, improper venue and failure to state a claim, and declined to transfer the case to California. A later court filing reports fact discovery was scheduled to close by 4 June 2026.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Motion denied in full; case proceeds.", "statusAsOf": "2025-09-10", "caseNumber": "1:24-cv-07984-KPF (Dkt. 65)", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.630270/gov.uscourts.nysd.630270.65.0.pdf", "sourceLabel": "U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York (via CourtListener)", "sourceDate": "2025-08-21", "quote": "For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s motion to dismiss, or, in the alternative, transfer venue, is DENIED in full." }, { "id": "2025-08-getty-images-v-stability-ai-lawsuit-in-the-northern-district-of-californ", "date": "2025-08-14", "jurisdiction": "US federal (N.D. Cal.)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "Getty Images v. Stability AI (US): lawsuit in the Northern District of California", "parties": [ "Getty Images (US), Inc.", "Stability AI, Inc.", "Stability AI, Ltd.", "Stability AI US Services Corp." ], "defendantIds": [ "stability-ai" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "images", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "Getty alleges Stability AI reproduced about 12 million images from its websites, with captions and metadata, without authorization and used them for Stable Diffusion, claiming copyright infringement, falsification of copyright management information, trademark infringement, unfair competition, dilution and deceptive practices, and seeks damages and an injunction.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "In fact discovery.", "statusAsOf": "2026-08-10", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1898496/000162828026055246/gety-20260630.htm", "sourceLabel": "Getty Images Holdings, Inc. (SEC Form 10-Q)", "sourceDate": "2026-08-10", "quote": "Getty Images (US), Inc. is a plaintiff in a lawsuit filed on August 14, 2025 in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California against Stability AI, Inc., Stability AI, Ltd. and Stability AI US Services Corp. ... approximately 12.0 million in images from Getty Images’ websites" }, { "id": "2025-08-yomiuri-shimbun-v-perplexity-lawsuit-filed", "date": "2025-08", "jurisdiction": "Japan (Tokyo District Court)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "Yomiuri Shimbun v. Perplexity: lawsuit filed", "parties": [ "The Yomiuri Shimbun", "Perplexity AI" ], "defendantIds": [ "perplexity" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "news", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "Japan's Yomiuri Shimbun sued Perplexity in the Tokyo District Court over alleged unauthorized use of a large number of its articles and images, seeking about 2.17 billion yen in damages. The Japan Newspaper Publishers and Editors Association discussed it at a November 2025 press conference.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": "about ¥2.17 billion (sought)", "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Pending; no ruling found.", "statusAsOf": "2025-11-14", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.fccj.or.jp/event/press-conference-ai-lawsuits-japanese-media-shiro-nakamura-japan-newspaper-publishers-editors", "sourceLabel": "Foreign Correspondents' Club of Japan", "sourceDate": "2025-11-14", "quote": "filed a lawsuit in August against U.S. AI startup Perplexity AI ... seeking damages of about ¥2.17 billion in the Tokyo District Court" }, { "id": "2025-06-kadrey-v-meta-summary-judgment-for-meta-on-fair-use", "date": "2025-06-25", "jurisdiction": "US federal (N.D. Cal.)", "kind": "ruling", "title": "Kadrey v. Meta: summary judgment for Meta on fair use", "parties": [ "Richard Kadrey", "other authors", "Meta Platforms, Inc." ], "defendantIds": [ "meta" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "books", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "Judge Vince Chhabria granted Meta partial summary judgment that copying the plaintiffs' books to train Llama was fair use on this record, finding the plaintiffs presented no meaningful evidence of market dilution. The court stressed the case is not a class action, so the ruling covers only the 13 named authors, and the separate claim that Meta unlawfully distributed works while torrenting remained for further proceedings.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Partial summary judgment for Meta; torrenting distribution claim continues.", "statusAsOf": "2025-06-25", "caseNumber": "3:23-cv-03417-VC", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cand.415175/gov.uscourts.cand.415175.598.0.pdf", "sourceLabel": "U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California (via CourtListener)", "sourceDate": "2025-06-25", "quote": "Therefore, on this record, Meta is entitled to summary judgment on its fair use defense to the claim that copying these plaintiffs’ books for use as LLM training data was infringement. ... so the ruling only affects the rights of these thirteen authors" }, { "id": "2025-06-bartz-v-anthropic-order-on-fair-use", "date": "2025-06-23", "jurisdiction": "US federal (N.D. Cal.)", "kind": "ruling", "title": "Bartz v. Anthropic: order on fair use (summary judgment)", "parties": [ "Andrea Bartz", "Charles Graeber", "Kirk Wallace Johnson", "Anthropic PBC" ], "defendantIds": [ "anthropic" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "books", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "Judge William Alsup held that using the plaintiffs' books to train Claude was fair use and that scanning purchased print books into a digital library was also fair use, but denied summary judgment for Anthropic on the pirated copies it downloaded for its central library and set a trial on those copies and damages.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Summary judgment for Anthropic on training use and print-to-digital conversion; pirated library copies sent to trial (the case then settled).", "statusAsOf": "2025-06-23", "caseNumber": "3:24-cv-05417-WHA", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cand.434709/gov.uscourts.cand.434709.231.0.pdf", "sourceLabel": "U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California (via CourtListener)", "sourceDate": "2025-06-23", "quote": "This order grants summary judgment for Anthropic that the training use was a fair use. ... We will have a trial on the pirated copies used to create Anthropic’s central library and the resulting damages, actual or statutory (including for willfulness)." }, { "id": "2025-06-disney-and-universal-v-midjourney-lawsuit-filed", "date": "2025-06-11", "jurisdiction": "US federal (C.D. Cal.)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "Disney and Universal v. Midjourney: lawsuit filed", "parties": [ "Disney", "Universal", "Midjourney" ], "defendantIds": [ "midjourney" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "images", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "Disney and Universal sued Midjourney, alleging its image generator reproduces their copyrighted characters such as Star Wars and The Simpsons figures; the complaint calls the service a bottomless pit of plagiarism and demands a jury trial.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Pending; consolidated with Warner Bros. Discovery's suit (see next record).", "statusAsOf": "2025-06-11", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/disney-universal-sue-ai-image-company-midjourney-unlicensed-star-wars-rcna212369", "sourceLabel": "NBC News (CNBC)", "sourceDate": "2025-06-11", "quote": "Disney and Universal joined forces in a lawsuit against artificial intelligence image creator Midjourney ... a bottomless pit of plagiarism" }, { "id": "2025-06-reddit-v-anthropic-lawsuit-filed", "date": "2025-06-04", "jurisdiction": "US-CA (San Francisco Superior Court)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "Reddit v. Anthropic: lawsuit filed", "parties": [ "Reddit, Inc.", "Anthropic PBC" ], "defendantIds": [ "anthropic" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "user posts", "claim": "contract", "summary": "Reddit alleges Anthropic used unauthorized automated access to scrape Reddit content to train and commercialize Claude, bringing state-law claims for breach of contract, unjust enrichment, trespass to chattels, tortious interference and unfair competition. Anthropic removed the case to federal court in July 2025.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Remanded to state court 30 March 2026.", "statusAsOf": "2026-03-30", "caseNumber": "CGC-25-625892", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cand.452341/gov.uscourts.cand.452341.1.0.pdf", "sourceLabel": "U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California (via CourtListener)", "sourceDate": "2025-07-03", "quote": "On June 4, 2025, Reddit, Inc. filed suit against Anthropic in the Superior Court of the State of California, San Francisco County" }, { "id": "2025-05-verbraucherzentrale-nrw-v-meta-cologne-court-refuses-injunction-against-", "date": "2025-05-23", "jurisdiction": "Germany (Higher Regional Court of Cologne)", "kind": "ruling", "title": "Verbraucherzentrale NRW v. Meta: Cologne court refuses injunction against AI training", "parties": [ "Verbraucherzentrale NRW", "Meta Platforms Ireland Limited" ], "defendantIds": [ "meta" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "user posts", "claim": "privacy", "summary": "The Higher Regional Court of Cologne rejected the consumer group's urgent application to stop Meta from training AI on public Facebook and Instagram content, so Meta could start on 27 May as planned. The consumer group disputed Meta's reliance on legitimate interest; no appeal lies against the urgent-procedure decision.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Injunction refused; consumer group weighing main proceedings.", "statusAsOf": "2025-05-23", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.verbraucherzentrale.nrw/pressemitteilungen/eilantrag-der-verbraucherzentrale-nrw-gegen-meta-abgelehnt-107469", "sourceLabel": "Verbraucherzentrale NRW", "sourceDate": "2025-05-23", "quote": "Das Oberlandesgericht Köln hat den Eilantrag der Verbraucherzentrale NRW gegen Meta Platforms Ireland Limited abgelehnt ... Gegen die Entscheidung des OLG Köln im Eilverfahren gibt es keine Rechtsmittel." }, { "id": "2025-05-irish-dpc-statement-on-meta-resuming-ai-training-from-27-may-2025", "date": "2025-05-21", "jurisdiction": "EU (Ireland, lead supervisory authority)", "kind": "regulatory action", "title": "Irish DPC: statement on Meta resuming AI training from 27 May 2025", "parties": [ "Data Protection Commission (Ireland)", "Meta" ], "defendantIds": [ "meta" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "user posts", "claim": "privacy", "summary": "After the EDPB's December 2024 opinion, Meta told the DPC it would begin training its generative AI models on EU/EEA adults' public posts on 27 May 2025. The DPC listed safeguards Meta implemented (updated notices, an easier objection form, de-identification and filtering) and required a report on their efficacy by October 2025; private posts are out of scope.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Training allowed to proceed under monitoring.", "statusAsOf": "2025-05-21", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.dataprotection.ie/en/news-media/latest-news/dpc-statement-meta-ai", "sourceLabel": "Data Protection Commission (Ireland)", "sourceDate": "2025-05-21", "quote": "Meta reassessed its proposal and provided updated documentation to the DPC in respect of its plans to begin training of its generative AI model(s) on 27 May 2025. ... This report is expected in October 2025." }, { "id": "2025-05-us-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-part-3-pre-pub", "date": "2025-05-09", "jurisdiction": "US federal (Copyright Office)", "kind": "guidance", "title": "US Copyright Office: Copyright and Artificial Intelligence, Part 3 (Generative AI Training), pre-publication version", "parties": [ "U.S. Copyright Office" ], "defendantIds": [], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "other (all works)", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "The Office said some uses of copyrighted works for generative AI training will be fair use and some will not: noncommercial research that does not reproduce works in outputs is likely fair, while copying expressive works from pirate sources to generate competing content when licensing is reasonably available is unlikely to be. As of the fetch, the Office's site still lists only a pre-publication version and says a final version will follow without substantive changes.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Pre-publication report; final version not yet published.", "statusAsOf": "2026-10-11", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.copyright.gov/ai/Copyright-and-Artificial-Intelligence-Part-3-Generative-AI-Training-Report-Pre-Publication-Version.pdf", "sourceLabel": "U.S. Copyright Office", "sourceDate": "2025-05-09", "quote": "On the other end, the copying of expressive works from pirate sources in order to generate unrestricted content that competes in the marketplace, when licensing is reasonably available, is unlikely to qualify as fair use." }, { "id": "2025-04-ziff-davis-v-openai-lawsuit-filed", "date": "2025-04-24", "jurisdiction": "US federal (D. Del.; transferred to S.D.N.Y. MDL)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "Ziff Davis v. OpenAI: lawsuit filed", "parties": [ "Ziff Davis, Inc. and subsidiaries", "OpenAI, Inc." ], "defendantIds": [ "openai" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "news", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "Ziff Davis alleges OpenAI copied and used its content without authorization, claiming copyright infringement, DMCA violations and unjust enrichment, and seeks monetary and injunctive relief. On 14 May 2025 the JPML consolidated the case with the other OpenAI cases in the Southern District of New York.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Pending in the OpenAI MDL.", "statusAsOf": "2026-08-07", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1084048/000108404826000046/zd-20260630.htm", "sourceLabel": "Ziff Davis, Inc. (SEC Form 10-Q)", "sourceDate": "2026-08-07", "quote": "On April 24, 2025, the Company and certain of its subsidiaries filed a lawsuit against OpenAI, Inc. in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware, alleging copyright infringement, violations of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and unjust enrichment" }, { "id": "2025-04-irish-dpc-inquiry-into-x-s-use-of-eu-posts-to-train-grok", "date": "2025-04-11", "jurisdiction": "EU (Ireland, lead supervisory authority)", "kind": "regulatory action", "title": "Irish DPC: inquiry into X's use of EU posts to train Grok", "parties": [ "Data Protection Commission (Ireland)", "X Internet Unlimited Company" ], "defendantIds": [ "x-corp" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "user posts", "claim": "privacy", "summary": "The DPC opened an inquiry into whether personal data in publicly accessible posts by EU/EEA users on X was lawfully processed to train xAI's Grok models, including lawfulness and transparency.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Inquiry opened; no outcome found.", "statusAsOf": "2025-04-11", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.dataprotection.ie/en/news-media/latest-news/data-protection-commission-announces-commencement-inquiry-x-internet-unlimited-company-xiuc", "sourceLabel": "Data Protection Commission (Ireland)", "sourceDate": "2025-04-11", "quote": "The purpose of this inquiry is to determine whether this personal data was lawfully processed in order to train the Grok LLMs." }, { "id": "2025-04-in-re-openai-copyright-infringement-litigation-cases-consolidated-into-a", "date": "2025-04-03", "jurisdiction": "US federal (S.D.N.Y.)", "kind": "ruling", "title": "In re OpenAI Copyright Infringement Litigation: cases consolidated into an MDL", "parties": [ "The New York Times Company", "Authors Guild and author plaintiffs", "other news plaintiffs", "OpenAI", "Microsoft" ], "defendantIds": [ "openai", "microsoft" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "news", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "The Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation consolidated copyright suits pending against OpenAI, including The Times' case and the authors' cases, before Judge Sidney Stein in the Southern District of New York. Ziff Davis' later suit was added on 14 May 2025, per its own SEC filing.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Consolidated pretrial proceedings in S.D.N.Y.", "statusAsOf": "2026-08-05", "caseNumber": "1:25-md-03143", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/71691/000007169126000034/nyt-20260630.htm", "sourceLabel": "The New York Times Company (SEC Form 10-Q)", "sourceDate": "2026-08-05", "quote": "On April 3, 2025, the Judicial Panel for Multidistrict Litigation consolidated our case with others pending against OpenAI before our assigned judge in the SDNY." }, { "id": "2025-04-like-company-v-google-ireland-first-ai-copyright-reference-to-the-cjeu", "date": "2025-04-03", "jurisdiction": "EU (Court of Justice; referred from Hungary)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "Like Company v. Google Ireland (C-250/25): first AI copyright reference to the CJEU", "parties": [ "Like Company", "Google Ireland Limited" ], "defendantIds": [ "google" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "news", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "A Hungarian court referred questions on whether a Gemini chatbot displaying text partly identical to a press publisher's content is a communication to the public, whether training an LLM is a reproduction, and whether the text and data mining exception applies. Hengeler Mueller (Google's counsel) reports a Grand Chamber hearing on 10 March 2026 and an Advocate General opinion scheduled for 3 September 2026; no opinion or judgment was verified.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Pending before the CJEU.", "statusAsOf": "2026-03-13", "caseNumber": "C-250/25", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://en.ddg.fr/actualite/first-ai-related-reference-to-the-cjeu-preliminary-questions-in-case-c-250-25-like-company-v-google-ireland", "sourceLabel": "DDG Avocats", "sourceDate": "2025-05-26", "quote": "On 3 April 2025, the Budapest Környéki Törvényszék (Hungary) referred a request for a preliminary ruling" }, { "id": "2025-03-new-york-times-v-microsoft-and-openai-motion-to-dismiss-ruling", "date": "2025-03-26", "jurisdiction": "US federal (S.D.N.Y.)", "kind": "ruling", "title": "New York Times v. Microsoft and OpenAI: motion to dismiss ruling", "parties": [ "The New York Times Company", "Microsoft Corporation", "OpenAI" ], "defendantIds": [ "openai", "microsoft" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "news", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "According to The Times' own SEC filing, the court dismissed its unfair competition and DMCA claims (with leave to replead the DMCA claims, which it repled in part on 28 May 2025) and let its other disputed claims, including the core infringement claims, go forward. In June 2026 OpenAI moved for judgment on the pleadings on contributory infringement after the Supreme Court's Cox v. Sony decision, and The Times sought leave to amend.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Core copyright claims proceed.", "statusAsOf": "2026-08-05", "caseNumber": "1:23-cv-11195", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/71691/000007169126000034/nyt-20260630.htm", "sourceLabel": "The New York Times Company (SEC Form 10-Q)", "sourceDate": "2026-08-05", "quote": "On March 26, 2025, the court dismissed our unfair competition claim and DMCA claims, with leave to replead the latter, which we repled in part on May 28, 2025. The court permitted our other disputed claims to go forward." }, { "id": "2025-02-thomson-reuters-v-ross-intelligence-fair-use-rejected-on-summary-judgmen", "date": "2025-02-11", "jurisdiction": "US federal (D. Del.)", "kind": "ruling", "title": "Thomson Reuters v. Ross Intelligence: fair use rejected on summary judgment", "parties": [ "Thomson Reuters Enterprise Centre GmbH", "West Publishing Corp.", "ROSS Intelligence Inc." ], "defendantIds": [ "ross-intelligence" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "legal research", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "Judge Stephanos Bibas (sitting by designation) revised his 2023 opinion and granted Thomson Reuters partial summary judgment, holding that ROSS infringed 2,243 Westlaw headnotes by using them to train a legal search AI and that its use was not fair use. He noted that only non-generative AI was before the court.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Partial summary judgment for Thomson Reuters; later certified for interlocutory appeal.", "statusAsOf": "2025-02-11", "caseNumber": "1:20-cv-00613-SB", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.ded.72109/gov.uscourts.ded.72109.770.0.pdf", "sourceLabel": "U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware (via CourtListener)", "sourceDate": "2025-02-11", "quote": "(2) grant Thomson Reuters’s motion for partial summary judgment on fair use, D.I. 672; (3) deny Ross’s motion for summary judgment on fair use, D.I. 676 ... Ross infringed 2,243 headnotes." }, { "id": "2025-02-advance-local-media-et-al-v-cohere-lawsuit-filed-by-14-publishers", "date": "2025-02", "jurisdiction": "US federal (S.D.N.Y.)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "Advance Local Media et al. v. Cohere: lawsuit filed by 14 publishers", "parties": [ "Advance Local Media", "Conde Nast", "The Atlantic", "Forbes", "The Guardian", "Insider", "Los Angeles Times", "McClatchy", "Newsday", "Plain Dealer", "Politico", "The Republican", "Toronto Star", "Vox Media", "Cohere Inc." ], "defendantIds": [ "cohere" ], "partyIds": [ "conde-nast", "the-atlantic", "vox-media" ], "contentType": "news", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "Fourteen news and magazine publishers allege Cohere used their work to train its LLMs by copying and downloading text directly from websites and that its outputs reproduce their articles, bringing copyright and trademark claims.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Partial motion to dismiss denied 13 November 2025.", "statusAsOf": "2025-11-14", "caseNumber": "1:25-cv-01305-CM", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://pressgazette.co.uk/media_law/news-publishers-cohere-ai-copyright-lawsuit-motion-to-dismiss/", "sourceLabel": "Press Gazette", "sourceDate": "2025-11-14", "quote": "Some 14 news and magazine publishers are involved in the case, which was filed in February. ... using their work to train its LLMs by copying and downloading text directly from websites" }, { "id": "2024-12-italy-s-garante-fines-openai-eur-15-million-over-chatgpt", "date": "2024-12-20", "jurisdiction": "Italy", "kind": "regulatory action", "title": "Italy's Garante fines OpenAI EUR 15 million over ChatGPT", "parties": [ "Garante per la protezione dei dati personali", "OpenAI" ], "defendantIds": [ "openai" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "personal data", "claim": "privacy", "summary": "Italy's data protection authority closed its ChatGPT investigation with a 15 million euro fine, finding among other things that OpenAI processed users' personal data to train ChatGPT without first identifying an adequate legal basis and lacked age verification, and ordered a six-month public communication campaign.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": "EUR 15 million", "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Fine later annulled by the Tribunale di Roma on jurisdictional grounds (18 March 2026).", "statusAsOf": "2026-03-18", "caseNumber": "Provvedimento n. 755 del 2 novembre 2024", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.garanteprivacy.it/home/docweb/-/docweb-display/docweb/10085432", "sourceLabel": "Garante per la protezione dei dati personali", "sourceDate": "2024-12-20", "quote": "una sanzione di quindici milioni di euro ... ha trattato i dati personali degli utenti per addestrare ChatGPT senza aver prima individuato un’adeguata base giuridica" }, { "id": "2024-11-canadian-news-publishers-v-openai-lawsuit-filed", "date": "2024-11", "jurisdiction": "Canada (Ontario Superior Court of Justice)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "Canadian news publishers v. OpenAI: lawsuit filed", "parties": [ "Toronto Star Newspapers", "Metroland Media Group", "Postmedia Network", "The Globe and Mail", "The Canadian Press", "CBC/Radio-Canada", "OpenAI entities" ], "defendantIds": [ "openai" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "news", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "A coalition of Canadian news organizations sued OpenAI in Ontario, alleging it uses their news content to train ChatGPT without permission or compensation, with claims for copyright infringement, circumvention of technological protection measures, breach of contract and unjust enrichment.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Ontario court confirmed jurisdiction on 7 November 2025; merits pending.", "statusAsOf": "2025-11-07", "caseNumber": "2025 ONSC 6217 (jurisdiction decision)", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.belmorelaw.com/insight/ontario-court-confirms-authority-over-challenges-to-ai-content-use", "sourceLabel": "Belmore Neidrauer LLP", "sourceDate": "2025-11-07", "quote": "In November 2024, several leading Canadian news organizations" }, { "id": "2024-11-ani-v-openai-copyright-suit-in-the-delhi-high-court", "date": "2024-11", "jurisdiction": "India (Delhi High Court)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "ANI v. OpenAI: copyright suit in the Delhi High Court", "parties": [ "ANI Media Pvt. Ltd.", "OpenAI Inc", "OpenAI affiliate" ], "defendantIds": [ "openai" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "news", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "News agency ANI sued OpenAI in the Delhi High Court alleging its content was used without permission to train and run ChatGPT, and sought an interim injunction. Summons were issued in November 2024.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Interim injunction refused 24 July 2026; appeal pending.", "statusAsOf": "2026-07-24", "caseNumber": "ANI Media Pvt. Ltd. v. OpenAI Inc & Anr.", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.livelaw.in/amp/high-court/delhi-high-court/delhi-high-court-rejects-ani-copyright-suit-open-ai-chatgpt-542736", "sourceLabel": "LiveLaw", "sourceDate": "2026-07-24", "quote": "Summons in the suit were issued in November 2024." }, { "id": "2024-10-dow-jones-and-new-york-post-v-perplexity-complaint-filed", "date": "2024-10-21", "jurisdiction": "US federal (S.D.N.Y.)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "Dow Jones and New York Post v. Perplexity: complaint filed", "parties": [ "Dow Jones & Company, Inc.", "NYP Holdings, Inc.", "Perplexity AI, Inc." ], "defendantIds": [ "perplexity" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "news", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "The News Corp publishers allege Perplexity's answer engine copies their copyrighted articles at scale into its retrieval index and diverts readers and revenue, bringing copyright and trademark claims.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Pending; motion to dismiss denied 21 August 2025.", "statusAsOf": "2025-09-10", "caseNumber": "1:24-cv-07984-KPF", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.630270/gov.uscourts.nysd.630270.1.0.pdf", "sourceLabel": "U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York (via CourtListener)", "sourceDate": "2024-10-21", "quote": "Perplexity attempts to accomplish this by engaging in a massive amount of illegal copying of publishers’ copyrighted works and diverting customers and critical revenues away from those copyright holders." }, { "id": "2024-09-irish-dpc-inquiry-into-google-s-palm-2-training", "date": "2024-09-12", "jurisdiction": "EU (Ireland, lead supervisory authority)", "kind": "regulatory action", "title": "Irish DPC: inquiry into Google's PaLM 2 training", "parties": [ "Data Protection Commission (Ireland)", "Google Ireland Limited" ], "defendantIds": [ "google" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "personal data", "claim": "privacy", "summary": "The DPC opened a cross-border statutory inquiry into whether Google carried out a required Data Protection Impact Assessment before processing EU/EEA personal data to develop its foundation model PaLM 2.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Inquiry opened; no outcome found.", "statusAsOf": "2024-09-12", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.dataprotection.ie/en/news-media/press-releases/data-protection-commission-launches-inquiry-google-ai-model", "sourceLabel": "Data Protection Commission (Ireland)", "sourceDate": "2024-09-12", "quote": "prior to engaging in the processing of the personal data of EU/EEA data subjects associated with the development of its foundational AI model, Pathways Language Model 2 (PaLM 2)." }, { "id": "2024-09-dutch-data-protection-authority-fines-clearview-ai-eur-30-5-million", "date": "2024-09-03", "jurisdiction": "Netherlands", "kind": "regulatory action", "title": "Dutch Data Protection Authority fines Clearview AI EUR 30.5 million", "parties": [ "Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens (Dutch DPA)", "Clearview AI" ], "defendantIds": [ "clearview-ai" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "personal data", "claim": "privacy", "summary": "The Dutch DPA fined Clearview AI 30.5 million euros over what it called illegal collection of facial images: the company gathers publicly available photos from the web into a facial recognition database the article puts at more than 50 billion images.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": "€30.5 million", "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Fine imposed; noyb said in October 2025 that Clearview has not paid EU fines.", "statusAsOf": "2024-09-03", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.theregister.com/software/2024/09/03/data-watchdog-fines-clearview-ai-33m/1298822", "sourceLabel": "The Register", "sourceDate": "2024-09-03", "quote": "€30.5 million ($33 million)" }, { "id": "2024-08-irish-dpc-x-agrees-to-suspend-grok-training-on-eu-users-posts", "date": "2024-08-08", "jurisdiction": "EU (Ireland, High Court)", "kind": "regulatory action", "title": "Irish DPC: X agrees to suspend Grok training on EU users' posts", "parties": [ "Data Protection Commission (Ireland)", "X (Twitter International Unlimited Company)" ], "defendantIds": [ "x-corp" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "user posts", "claim": "privacy", "summary": "Against the backdrop of an urgent High Court application, the first under Section 134 of Ireland's Data Protection Act 2018, X agreed to suspend processing personal data from EU/EEA users' public posts collected between 7 May and 1 August 2024 to train Grok.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Processing suspended; DPC opened a statutory inquiry on 11 April 2025.", "statusAsOf": "2024-08-08", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.dataprotection.ie/en/news-media/press-releases/dpc-welcomes-xs-agreement-suspend-its-processing-personal-data-purpose-training-ai-tool-grok", "sourceLabel": "Data Protection Commission (Ireland)", "sourceDate": "2024-08-08", "quote": "The Data Protection Commission (“DPC”) welcomes X’s agreement to suspend its processing of the personal data contained in the public posts of X’s EU/EEA users which it processed between 7 May 2024 and 1 August 2024, for the purpose of training its AI ‘Grok’." }, { "id": "2024-06-record-labels-v-suno-and-udio-lawsuits-filed", "date": "2024-06-24", "jurisdiction": "US federal (D. Mass. for Suno; S.D.N.Y. for Udio)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "Record labels v. Suno and Udio: lawsuits filed", "parties": [ "Sony Music", "Universal Music Group", "Warner Records", "RIAA (coordinating)", "Suno", "Udio" ], "defendantIds": [ "suno", "udio" ], "partyIds": [ "sony-music", "universal-music-group" ], "contentType": "music", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "The three major label groups, led by the RIAA, sued AI music generators Suno and Udio, alleging they trained their generative models on the labels' sound recordings without permission, and seek damages of up to $150,000 per infringed work.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": "up to $150,000 per infringed work (statutory damages sought)", "perWorkText": "up to $150,000 per work (sought)", "outcome": "UMG and WMG later settled with Udio; WMG settled with Suno; UMG and Sony claims against Suno and Sony's against Udio not reported settled.", "statusAsOf": "2024-06-24", "caseNumber": "Suno: 1:24-cv-11611 (D. Mass.)", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://musictech.com/news/industry/record-labels-sue-ai-suno-copyright-infringement-sony-warner-umg", "sourceLabel": "MusicTech", "sourceDate": "2024-06-24", "quote": "The plaintiffs are seeking damages of up to $150,000 for each piece of infringed work." }, { "id": "2024-06-irish-dpc-meta-pauses-eu-training-on-facebook-and-instagram-posts", "date": "2024-06-14", "jurisdiction": "EU (Ireland, lead supervisory authority)", "kind": "regulatory action", "title": "Irish DPC: Meta pauses EU training on Facebook and Instagram posts", "parties": [ "Data Protection Commission (Ireland)", "Meta" ], "defendantIds": [ "meta" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "user posts", "claim": "privacy", "summary": "After engagement with the Irish Data Protection Commission, Meta paused plans to train its large language model on public content shared by adults on Facebook and Instagram in the EU/EEA.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Training paused (resumed from 27 May 2025 after changes).", "statusAsOf": "2024-06-14", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "stated", "source": "https://www.dataprotection.ie/en/news-media/latest-news/dpcs-engagement-meta-ai", "sourceLabel": "Data Protection Commission (Ireland)", "sourceDate": "2024-06-14", "quote": "The DPC welcomes the decision by Meta to pause its plans to train its large language model using public content shared by adults on Facebook and Instagram across the EU/EEA." }, { "id": "2023-12-new-york-times-v-microsoft-and-openai-complaint-filed", "date": "2023-12-27", "jurisdiction": "US federal (S.D.N.Y.)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "New York Times v. Microsoft and OpenAI: complaint filed", "parties": [ "The New York Times Company", "Microsoft Corporation", "OpenAI, Inc. and affiliates" ], "defendantIds": [ "openai", "microsoft" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "news", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "The Times alleges Microsoft and OpenAI copied millions of its works to train and power their models and that copying them for that purpose is not fair use, claiming copyright infringement, unfair competition, trademark dilution and DMCA violations. It seeks statutory and actual damages it describes as billions of dollars, plus injunctive relief.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": "billions of dollars in statutory and actual damages (sought, not quantified)", "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Pending in the consolidated OpenAI MDL; see later records.", "statusAsOf": "2023-12-27", "caseNumber": "1:23-cv-11195", "basis": "stated", "source": "https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.612697/gov.uscourts.nysd.612697.1.0.pdf", "sourceLabel": "U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York (via CourtListener)", "sourceDate": "2023-12-27", "quote": "This action seeks to hold them responsible for the billions of dollars in statutory and actual damages that they owe for the unlawful copying and use of The Times’s uniquely valuable works." }, { "id": "2023-10-concord-umg-and-abkco-v-anthropic-lawsuit-filed", "date": "2023-10", "jurisdiction": "US federal (filed M.D. Tenn.; now N.D. Cal.)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "Concord, UMG and ABKCO v. Anthropic (lyrics, 'Concord I'): lawsuit filed", "parties": [ "Concord Music Group", "Universal Music Publishing Group", "ABKCO Music", "Anthropic PBC" ], "defendantIds": [ "anthropic" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "music", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "Music publishers allege Anthropic copied the lyrics of about 500 songs to train Claude and that Claude reproduces them. Music Business Worldwide reports the case covers 499 works, that a Second Amended Complaint was filed on 22 July 2026, and that the publishers moved for partial summary judgment in 2026.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Pending; no merits ruling found.", "statusAsOf": "2026-01-29", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "stated", "source": "https://techcrunch.com/2026/01/29/music-publishers-sue-anthropic-for-3b-over-flagrant-piracy-of-20000-works/", "sourceLabel": "TechCrunch", "sourceDate": "2026-01-29", "quote": "Originally, these music publishers had filed a lawsuit against Anthropic over its use of about 500 copyrighted works." }, { "id": "2023-09-authors-guild-v-openai-class-action-filed", "date": "2023-09-20", "jurisdiction": "US federal (S.D.N.Y.)", "kind": "lawsuit", "title": "Authors Guild v. OpenAI: class action filed", "parties": [ "Authors Guild", "John Grisham", "George R.R. Martin", "Jodi Picoult", "David Baldacci", "other authors", "OpenAI", "Microsoft" ], "defendantIds": [ "openai", "microsoft" ], "partyIds": [], "contentType": "books", "claim": "copyright", "summary": "The Authors Guild and 17 authors filed a class action alleging OpenAI infringed the copyrights of fiction writers by training on their books, which the Guild says were downloaded from pirate ebook repositories. An amended complaint on 4 December 2023 added Microsoft. The case is now part of the consolidated OpenAI copyright MDL in the Southern District of New York.", "amountUsd": null, "amountText": null, "perWorkText": null, "outcome": "Pending; consolidated into In re OpenAI Copyright Infringement Litigation (MDL).", "statusAsOf": "2023-12-04", "caseNumber": null, "basis": "stated", "source": "https://authorsguild.org/news/ag-and-authors-file-class-action-suit-against-openai/", "sourceLabel": "Authors Guild", "sourceDate": "2023-09-20", "quote": "The Authors Guild and 17 authors filed a class-action suit against OpenAI in the Southern District of New York" } ] }